The Effect of Social Networks on The Households’ Objective Welfare in The Slum Areas of Makassar City

The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of social networks on the households’ objective welfare in the slum areas of Makassar City. This research was a quantitative study with a survey method used to obtain data from 57 respondents using questionnaire located in Pattingalloang Village. The data collection was also conducted through observation and interview. The sample was determined using simple random sampling technique and the data were analyzed using multiple linear regression test. To answer the questions, two leading hypotheses were used, i.e. (1) the effect of social network covarage on the level of households’ obejctive welfare in the slum areas, and (2) the effect of social network intensity on the level of households’ objective welfare in the slum areas. The results of the research indicate there is a significant effect of social networks on the level of households’ objective welfare in the slum areas. The effect of social network coverage on the level of households’ objective welfare is 8 7%, and the strength of the effect of social network intensity on the level of households’ objective welfare is 92%.


INTRODUCTION
their daily needs (Adisasmita 2005). Slum settlements find it difficult to achieve objective wellbeing, because these settlements are vulnerable to guaranteeing a constant income. Slums have household characteristics and environmental characteristics that are classified as vulnerable so that it must be optimized to achieve objective well-being. The maintenance and development of social networks is part of the strategy to meet basic needs as a tactical reserve when individuals or households experience an economic crisis situation whose degree of difficulty cannot be dealt with individually. The purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of social network coverage on the objective level of household well-being in slum settlements. Nicolas Sirven 2006 High social networks and high participation in social activities in a society will lead to a low risk of a household becoming poor. In terms of monetary and non-monetary. 2. Suandi 2007 Social networks are indicated by the increasing number of groups/organizations that are followed by family members, the more togetherness and solidarity among members of the community will be affected, which in turn will have an impact on welfare.

3.
Alfiasari 2008 There is a close relationship between social networks and improving the economic welfare of poor families. The sample utilizes informal ties (friends, family, and neighbors) in running their business.

2012
There is an influence of social capital of the Ciliwung Riverbank community on family resilience. Family economic resilience is an act of fulfilling economic needs that is socially conditioned and embedded in ongoing personal social networks.

Sakaria 2018
Four components of social networks that affect family welfare, namely networks within the family, networks between friends, networks between neighbors, and networks outside the community. 6.
Nur Azizah Novianti Yulis 2020 Households in slums use network strategies, active strategies, and passive strategies in order to fulfill their basic needs.
Based on the table above, it shows that there are similarities and differences between previous studies. For the development of this research concept, it describes in more detail the effect of the scope and intensity of social networks on the objective welfare of households in slums in Makassar City. The novelty of this research lies in the independent variables and the research location.

RESEARCH METHODS
This research is a quantitative research with a survey method. This research was conducted in the Pattingalloang Village, Makassar City. The data obtained consisted of primary data and secondary data. Primary data comes from interviews using questionnaires, while secondary data comes from agency / agency documents. The population in this study were all poor households in RW 05, Pattingalloang Village who live along the canal banks. The sample in this study amounted to 57 families. The sampling technique used is simple random sampling. The data analysis used was descriptive analysis and inferential analysis. Descriptive analysis is the processing of data into mean, minimum-maximum, and percentage values which are presented in tables and graphs. Inference analysis is the examination of a sample to represent the population. This analysis uses a They say that, in the past, their parents thought that education was not very important and that their economic capacity was very limited, so that they were only required to help their parents find income for their families or for women to be married at a young age. The husband's employment status is mostly irregular (80.70%), almost half of the sample households work as fishermen and the rest work as traders, day laborers, private employees, drivers, and 1 person is a civil servant. The result of precarious employment is income that is only sufficient for basic daily needs. Almost all samples have no assets (rice fields, ponds, land).
Then, almost half of the households have a moderate number of household members, namely (5-7 people), while other households have more than seven members. This is because in 1 household there are more than one family head. They admit that they cannot afford to buy their own house.
The results also show that more than half of the households (55%) have an income of IDR 1,000,000 to IDR 2,000,000. The husband and wife couple in Pattingalloang Village did not open their horizons for school and develop their talents, most of the sample only followed their parents as fishermen. Helping parents work to support the family. This causes their economy to experience stagnation from time to time. The presence of technology is also very minimal in helping them in the fishing process, because they do not have the capital for this. Currently efforts are made to increase income through relatives or neighbors to market the catch.
Furthermore, the average length of time for a sample household living in the area where he currently lives is 38.7 years. They have settled in this region for a long time, ever since their grandparents were still alive. All samples are native Makassarese, so some of them are fluent in Makassarese language. Most of the household members in Kelurahan Pattingalloang are neighbors with their cousins or aunts, so their intimacy is very strong. If there are problems or lack of food, they get help immediately. Table 3 shows that more than half of the sample households own a house with partial walls and partly zinc (68.42%), namely the first floor has walls, while the second floor has zinc walls. Almost all sample households have a zinc roof type (96.49%) and some have tile roofs (3.51%), which is an economically sufficient household member. Furthermore, 7 out of 10 households (71.93%) have tile floors, and some have cement and board floors. Almost all of them have PDAM water facilities (92.88%) which are used for bathing, but there are also those who only use public wells because they are unable to pay the PDAM rates. As for drinking water, some can afford gallon water.

Environmental Characteristics
Based on data above, there are still some sample households that throw garbage in the canal (5.26%) even though there is already a motor for collecting garbage every 2 days. The reason they throw garbage in the canal is because they don't realize the importance of health and beauty. It is enough for them to think about their daily diet and school needs for their children.
Furthermore, 3 out of 5 sample households (73.68%) already have a channel to dispose of water and sewage through pipes /septic tanks and the rest do not have. Furthermore, half of the sample households (59.65%) have electric lighting power of 450 watts and half have 900 watts of power. Almost all of the roads around the sample houses are asphalt / concrete (96.49%). The average distance of the sample house to the river (7.77 meters) with a minimum distance of 2 meters.
Environmental characteristics in the slum area are important things to observe. This can be seen from the physical condition of the house, house facilities, and the physical environment around the house. The physical environment of slum settlements is quite diverse, including a small number of them already have permanent buildings which are quite good (Poedji Oetami 2005). However, an important point to highlight is that there is still the behavior of throwing garbage into the canal. This is in line with research by Baharudin (2009) that densely populated settlements that are concentrated on river / canal banks tend to have the habit of disposing of rubbish directly in the river. This behavior is closely related to the lack of awareness of sanitation and in some areas the provision of temporary garbage disposal facilities (TPS) around the house is still limited. Often households that have a house close to the river prefer to dump their garbage in the river rather than the TPS which is sometimes further away. Apart from making the river dirty, the garbage carried by the river currents can also cause unpleasant odors, a nest of disease, and even floods.

Objective Well-being
Objective well-being is the level of well-being of individuals or groups of people which is measured on average with certain benchmarks, be it economic, social or other measures. In other words, the level of community well-being is measured by a standard approach (the level of community well-being is all considered the same), that is, at least it has been able to meet the need for clothing, food, shelter, education and health which can be measured based on several wellbeing indicators. The indicators of meeting food needs include the frequency of meeting two or more meals a day; fulfillment of clothing needs including the diversity of clothes they have (home, work / school, and traveling) and the ability to buy clothes at least twice a year; fulfillment of housing needs including house area per capita (8m2 / person) and home ownership status; fulfillment of educational needs including the number of school age children (7-15 years) who attend school; Fulfilling health needs includes handling seriously ill families to health workers / puskesmas / hospitals. Diversity of dress (change clothes for home, work / school, travel) 60.96 3.
The purchasing power of each family member's clothes at least twice a year 53.51 4.
Ownership status of own house 33.33 6.
Handling seriously ill families to health workers / puskesmas / hospitals 67.98 Average Performance 69.70 Data source: primary data processed in 2020 Overall, the average household objective welfare achievement according to the fulfillment of basic needs is in the medium category (69.70%). The fulfillment of education is listed as an item of basic needs that is of great concern, this is due to the existence of subsidies in the form of providing free school guarantees at the elementary and junior high school levels based on the 9 year compulsory education program by the government. In addition, the proximity and easy access to schools have contributed to the achievement of this education fulfillment rate.
Objective welfare based on the fulfillment of basic needs in this medium category illustrates that households in slum areas can already fulfill their basic needs in general, but still cannot maximize every aspect or dimension equally.

Social Network Coverage
Social network coverage is described by network density society, namely the number of organizations that exist in a society in which a person is involved in it. The data in Table 7 shows that more than one third (35.09%) of household members only belong to one group / organization. This is because most families only join groups / organizations that they think are beneficial for their children or to increase household income. Meanwhile, more than half (64.91%) of sample household members were classified as moderate to high, because they participated in more than two groups / organizations. They claim that the group helps in improving the economy and children's growth.
The groups / organizations that the family participates in include the Savings and Loans Group, the Wage Working System Group, the Arisan Group, the Taklim Council, the Posyandu, and the Fisherwomen Group. This is supported by Suandi's research (2007) which states that the increasing number of groups / organizations that are joined by family members is expected to support or influence the level of togetherness and solidarity among community members so that in turn it will have an impact on the well-being and progress of the village. Social network coverage in the Kelurahan Pattingalloang is classified as medium (52.63%).
Original organizations that grow out of society tend to be better able to support the family to meet their basic needs. The organization is arisan and recitation. Through arisan and recitation, many households that fulfill their basic needs are assisted by the organization. The involvement of the family in a wider organizational network outside the place of residence is a great opportunity to be able to support family well-being conditions through cooperation with outside organizations (Sumarti 2012).
Most of the sample households actively participated in groups / organizations, and even 5.56% were very active because they were group / organization managers. This illustrates the strong link between groups / organizations and household members' participation stairs. They consider groups / organizations to play an important role in everyday life, be it in the social, economic, religious, or child development fields. There is still only a small proportion of household members (1.85%) who do not participate in groups / organizations.
In general, household members stated that the group / organization was beneficial and even very beneficial to the household. They feel this because the groups / organizations they participate in are very helpful to households, especially housewives, in supporting religious knowledge, child development, economic income, and kinship relations.

Social Network Intensity
Network intensity is the frequency of meeting someone or communicating with other people. The intensity of social networks can be measured by observing five concepts, namely networks within the family, networks between friends, networks between neighbors, and networks with government and non-government agencies. Based on the table above, it can be seen that the average social network intensity achievement is in the medium category (60.88%). The results showed that most of the sample household members often even talked to and met other household members very often. Household members also use cell phones (cellphones) to contact other families if they do not meet in person and visit each other's homes, so that this supports the quality of interaction between families.
Furthermore, household members stated that they rarely even had to communicate and meet with their friends, because they were already busy with their respective family lives. Household members spend more time with family and neighbors, because they don't have the phone numbers of school friends or childhood friends. They also rarely attend school reunions.
For social networks with neighbors, household members often talk and meet with neighbors very often. Neighbors always said and did something to respect other households, and always gave a sense of security and comfort. This is indicated by the attitude of the neighbors who are always polite and friendly, and the habit of respecting other neighbors by helping out if there are certain events and visiting when someone is sick and providing financial / material assistance if someone is in need. However, there are still a few who prefer not to talk and meet with neighbors, because they are more comfortable at home and busy with their work.
Meanwhile, social networking with government agencies is the support that households receive from government agencies. The support consists of: emotional support, instrument support, and information support. The results showed that more than half of household members stated that the government (RT / RW / camat / lurah) was willing to listen to their problems and show their concerns, such as water problems, road problems, drainage, and community fighting problems. There is only one non-government institution in the Pattingalloang Village, namely the Fisherwomen Group (KWN). Fatimah Az-Zahrah Women's Fishermen Group has a management who is also friendly and polite in serving residents. The Fisherwomen Group (KWN) empowers coastal women who are economically underdeveloped by utilizing marine resources and taking advantage of the dual role of women in the family. The activities of KWN Fatimah Az-Zahrah are improving the economy like making shredded ones made from fish and making bags made of used plastic bottles and marketing them. Apart from that, this institution toopay attention social problems, such as violence against women, violence on children, and meeting the needs of the elderly. Based on the results of the regression test of social network coverage on the level of household objective well-being, the R-square value is 0.870, meaning that the model used in this study explains that social network coverage accounts for 87% of the influence on household objective well-being and the remaining 13% is influenced by variables. others that were not researched. Social network coverage has a significant effect on the level of objective household well-being with a significance value of less than 0.05 (0.026 <0.05).

Regression Test The Effect of Social Network Coverage on Objective Household Well-being Levels
Neighborhood ties and kinship ties that are still strong in the Pattingalloang Village are the main network bases in daily life and in running a business. On average, household members are involved in group activities with a frequency of meeting once a month or twice a month, such as arisan, majelis taklim, posyandu, and fisherwomen groups. Group meetings are used to market their selling products to one another or share information to increase economic income. The results of the analysis show that group activities can contribute to household income. Existing social networks can have great potential in developing groups. A more personal bond makes social relations between group members closer and can be used to explore the efforts the group needs to optimize its members' economic efforts. This is supported by Suandi's research (2007) which states that social networks are indicated by the increasing number of groups / organizations that are joined by family members, it will affect the level of togetherness and solidarity among community members so that in turn it will have an impact on well-being.
The results of collective work (collaboration) carried out by husbands and wives of household members with organizations owned in Pattingalloang Village have not only succeeded in temporarily increasing income, but also awakened household members to work together and independently in managing their resources. . Existing social networks are used to market products that are sold either directly in the market or online via the Facebook social media.
Households in Pattingalloang Kelurahan have groups to share the fish catch of the fishermen that they sell at the fish market and there are also those who sell around in the housing complex. Another business of household members is selling mango sweets via online social media which are marketed throughout the city of Makassar. In addition, in Pattingalloang Kelurahan there is also a Fisherwomen Group which empowers fishermen's wives to process used plastic bottles into bags and flower vases which they then sell to traditional markets. The results of this study are supported by research by Badaruddin (2006) which suggests that the results of collective work (collaboration) by utilizing the potential of social networks in an effort to increase household members' income have shown satisfactory results.
The coverage of social networks in Kelurahan Pattingalloang instills critical awareness for household members about the importance of collective work among them in overcoming the problems they face. Social capital in the form of social networks owned by the fishing community in Pattingalloang Village includes social and cultural values that have created solidarity in society. These values are still lived up to and practiced by the local community, then give birth to social relations based on kinship ties. This bond then encourages the community to build business networks in various fields. This is in line with the research of Alfiasari et al.
Most of the people in the Pattingalloang Village are fishermen. They depend on marine resources for life. The results of their efforts have directly or indirectly contributed to the surrounding community in terms of providing various types of fish. There are three parties that are related to each other fishery economic activities, namely intermediary traders, boat owner fishermen, and labor fishermen. In starting their business, fishermen who own boats try to develop business networks by relying on kinship ties.
When there is an agreement with other fishermen, he will introduce various ways to do it when fishing. Thus, initially there was more in the learning process. Then came the bonds of cooperation between them in a social network based on family and neighbors. Fishermen who are able will help their relatives or neighbors in financial matters and fishermen who are assisted will return the favor by being ready to provide labor. In various studies, this cooperative relationship is called the patron-client relationship. The collaboration between the patron-client relationship in the fishing community in Pattingalloang Village then gets stronger because it creates interdependence between the patron and the client. Patrons have the ability to provide various facilities in fisheries business,The kinship ties used by fishermen in Pattingalloang Village were identified as one of the driving factors in fishing business so that they have survived until now. The results of this study are supported byNicolas Sirven (2006) which states that high social networks and high participation in social activities in a society will cause a low risk of a household to become poor. In monetary and non-monetary terms.
Fishermen in Pattingalloang Village generally do not experience difficulties in marketing their catch because they already have a network even though they are still in local coverage. Fishermen's activities can only adequately fulfill the basic needs of the household. Therefore, half of the household members in Kelurahan Pattingalloang try their luck at trading in accessories, in the field of shuttle services (motorbike taxi), as workers in government and private offices, and as transportation drivers in a factory in Makassar City.
The activities of the head of the household in Pattingalloang Village show the enthusiasm of household members in working for a living as well as the enthusiasm of the community in increasing income and carrying out obligations / responsibilities. This is in line with Suandi's research (2007) that high morale is indicated by the high utilization of working time and the high commitment to do productive work. In the community solidarity component, the results of research in Pattingalloang Village show that community solidarity is relatively good in terms of contribution to village development and in terms of mutual assistance. This is because they realize that the environment in which they live is a part of their daily lives that requires attention both materially and psychologically. This is consistent with the statement (Sunarti and Fitriani 2010) that the high level of community solidarity can be shown from the level of community support in a crisis situation for the structural social capital component. But there are still almost half of the households who have low solidarity in terms of contributions to groups / organizations, this happens because they still do not feel the benefits of local organizations around the place of residence, so they do not have the initiative or willingness to contribute to the organization .
Household members stated that their network was useful when they wanted to sell a product and useful when they needed to borrow money or goods. Like the arisan activity, for them it is a place for saving, then the majelis taklim activity is a forum to increase religious knowledge as well as a forum to stay in touch. Posyandu activities are also very beneficial, because they can control the health of mothers and babies and are useful for families who want to participate in family planning (KB). This is in line with Sumarti's research (2012) which explains the role of social networks in the household which can be seen from the participation of households in organizations. Original organizations that grow out of society tend to be better able to support the family to meet their basic needs. The organization is arisan and recitation. Based on the results of the social network intensity test on the objective welfare of the household, an R-square value of 0.920 is obtained, meaning that the model used in this study explains that the intensity of social networks accounts for 92% of the factors that affect the objective welfare of the household and the remaining 8% is influenced. by other variables not studied. Social network intensity has a significant effect on household objective welfare with a significance value of less than 0.05 (0.022 <0.05).

Regression Test The Effect of Social Network Intensity on the Level of Objective Household Welfare
Kinship and kinship in the Pattingalloang Village grows well and is close. The social network in Pattingalloang Village can be seen from the presence of trust and reciprocal relationships that are more familiar and personal, such as networks within the family, networks with neighbors, and networks with government and non-government agencies. It is difficult to achieve community welfare without utilizing existing social networks. This means that existing social networks can be maximized in development and poverty alleviation so that community welfare can be achieved. This is supported by Sakaria's (2018) research which states that four components of social networks affect family welfare, namely networks within the family, networks between friends, networks between neighbors,Researchothers also explained that there is a close relationship between social networks and the improvement of the economic welfare of poor families. Families take advantage of informal ties (friends, family, and neighbors) in running their businesses (Alfiasari 2008).
The intensity of social networks in Pattingalloang Village has been proven to play a role in local residents in obtaining information that is considered useful for them. The information referred to, such as social activities, posyandu schedules, and the use of government program application technology (pre-employment cards). On the other hand, social support from extended family and neighbors in the form of moral, material, and emotional support is also shown through understanding, caring, and cooperation. Neighbors who are familiar with each other and often communicate with each other will often provide assistance. This can be seen in the activities of residents who help each other in fulfilling clean water, sharing food with those in need, and visiting each other if a neighbor is sick. The help is very much useful in meeting household needs, because it can ease each other's burdens. This is supported by the research of Sunarti et al. (2005) which states that social networks provide strength and reduce negative consequences due to economic pressures.
Family, friends, and neighbors help each other in terms of caring for children, providing financial assistance, and providing advice / thoughts. This is in line with the research of Herawati et al. (2013) that the support of each family member will make a very meaningful contribution to family members who are facing a problem. The life picture in Pattingalloang Village explains that 80 percent of husbands have irregular jobs so that family income becomes unstable, so that housewives have to save on expenses. Fulfillment of household welfare is carried out by means of a defense mechanism, namely reducing food and non-food expenditure. Financial management performed by housewives in Pattingalloang Village is related to financial planning and allocation of income to meet household needs. The implementation of good financial management encourages households to use income first for more important basic needs so that the objective welfare of the household can be realized (Firdaus & Sunarti 2009).
Household members in the slum areas of Pattingalloang Village use three strategies in survival, namely active strategy, passive strategy, and network strategy. An active strategy is an effort by the head of the household to empower household members to work for a living. The fishing profession in Pattingalloang Village empowers many of their children to work so that they can earn more. In addition, there are also household heads who work as scavengers and construction workers that also empower their children to work. This is a survival strategy for fulfilling everyday life.
Furthermore, the passive strategy is an effort for housewives to save expenses or reduce consumption per day. Residents in Pattingalloang Kelurahan get into the habit of eating twice a day, unless there is food donation (a neighbor's celebration event). In addition, households also used to do food substitution, namely replacing rice with corn or sweet potatoes. There are also some households that make chairs, tables and benches from used goods. Their lifestyle is not extravagant and wasteful, so that if there is an urgent need they can meet these needs without borrowing from their family or neighbors. Network strategy is defined as an effort to utilize existing social networks to help market products (caught fish, mango sweets, accessories, cakes / fried foods, etc.) or help in other ways. Several household members claimed to have received jobs from friends invited, such as construction workers or cleaning other people's yards. The network also serves as a way to obtain compensation from social agencies, both governmental and nongovernmental.
The strategy above is in line with Yulis' research (2020), namely that the objective welfare of households in slum settlements can be overcome through the use of household members, financial management, and utilization of kinship and friendship. The amount of access to social networks comes from various groups in Pattingalloang Village. The role of government agencies is also very helpful in community life, which is shown by the friendly attitude of community service officers in answering and following up on citizen questions about social activities or assistance in the event of a disaster. In addition, the existence of the Fisherwomen Group as a non-governmental organization also contributes greatly to the economic improvement of its members, because they can take advantage of local resources and empower potential human resources in Pattingalloang Village.

CONCLUSION
Most of the households (63.16%) in Kelurahan Pattingalloang are in the young adult age range, with an average number of household members of 5-7 people, but on average they do not complete junior high school education. As many as 80 percent of household heads have an irregular work status with 47% of the type of work being fishermen and other types of work are traders, day laborers, and self-employed. The results showed that the average household income per month was Rp. 2,179,000. Environmental characteristics are in moderate condition in general, although they still often do the act of throwing garbage into the canal. Likewise, the social network and the objective level of household welfare in Pattingalloang Village are in the medium category.There is a significant effect of social networks on the households' objective welfare in the slum areas of Makassar City.