Demokrasi Oligarkis dan Resesi Demokrasi di Indonesia Pasca-Suharto: Sebuah Tinjauan Sejarah Politik
(1) Universitas Andalas
(2) Institut Agama Islam Negeri Langsa
Abstract
Artikel ini menyajikan tinjauan sistematis atas literatur tentang oligarki di Indonesia, yang menawarkan interpretasi khas tentang perubahan politik di Indonesia. Artikel ini merupakan hasil penelitian kepustakaan dengan pendekatan sejarah. Artikel ini berargumen bahwa literatur ini memiliki tiga poin penting. Pertama, literatur ini mengajak kita untuk terus merenungkan cara-cara jatuhnya rezim otoriter. Jatuhnya rezim otoriter sering digambarkan sebagai kemenangan mobilitas masyarakat sipil yang pro-demokrasi. Sementara banyak ahli Indonesia menerima pandangan utama ini dalam menjelaskan kejatuhan rezim Suharto, literatur oligarki menunjukkan bahwa kejatuhan tersebut disebabkan bukan begitu banyak oleh bangkitnya kekuatan masyarakat sipil, melainkan oleh ketegangan antara Suharto dan para oligarki, di mana Suharto ditinggalkan oleh mereka. Kedua, oligarki juga mendorong kita untuk mengkaji kembali sifat demokrasi baru di Indonesia. Berbeda dengan pandangan utama tentang demokratisasi yang berpendapat bahwa negara ini sedang mengalami tahap 'konsolidasi' menuju demokrasi liberal, literatur oligarki melihat transisi politik di Indonesia sebagai perjalanan menuju jenis demokrasi yang kurang liberal, yaitu demokrasi oligarkis. Ketiga, Indonesia mengalami transisi dari sistem politik otoriter menjadi demokratis, yang pada awalnya menunjukkan perkembangan menuju konsolidasi demokrasi. Namun, dalam perjalanan proses tersebut, terjadi resesi demokratisasi yang membentuk demokrasi oligarkis.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.34007/warisan.v4i1.1876
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